Specific Heat - Chemistry Definition

Specific heat is the amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of a body per unit of mass. Specific heat is also known as specific heat capacity or mass specific heat.In SI units, specific heat (symbol: c) is the amount of heat in joules required to raise 1 gram of a substance 1 Kelvin. Usually, specific heat is reported in joules (J). Examples: Water has a specific heat of 4.18 J. Copper has a specific heat of 0.39 J. Source Halliday, David; Resnick, Robert (2013). Fundamentals of Physics. Wiley. p. 524.

Cnn, Foxnews, Msnbc Comparison Essay - 792 Words

Breaking News with CNN, MSNBC, and Fox News Immediately, when I went to CNN.com, I found a link with a picture to see all information, about the terror strike in Mumbai. Also, there was links where you could click on videos to see how deadly the situation truly was. CNN.com included things such as: the causalities rates and also how many people were injured. Furthermore, the site also gives information about how you could link this story to Facebook, or even Twitter, so that other people could read about what is going on around the world. With this in mind, this could and would increase CNN.com publicity, making more people view the top stories as a result. Therefore, CNN.com provided a lot of information and coverage of the terror strike†¦show more content†¦The article did not provide as much information, as CNN.com or MSNBC.com provided about the bombing in Mumbai. Also, on this website you have the option of leaving comments, email someone, link the story to Facebook, and even on Twitter. However, there is no othe r article which provides, or emphasis into details more about the gruesome terror attack. On Foxnews.com there are also videos and pictures that could be viewed to show the extent of the damage caused by the bombing. Furthermore, Foxnews.com provided information about the previous explosions in 2008, which killed 166 people, during the terror attack. Therefore, this website provided majority of the same information, but it was just difficult to locate, the article itself. Several things within these websites, like how they stated the causalities and injured rates, as well as the location. Furthermore, they also provided pictures and video features of the targeted disaster area. However, these sites were different in many ways, also. CNN makes the article available to see and view as the top story, as for MSNBC it bolds the information using color-coded letters for the top stories. On the other hand, on Fox news you have to actually search through different tabs to locate the articl e you are looking for. Also, with this in mind, the

Objectives Of The Integrated Food Law Environmental Sciences Essay Free Essays

string(214) " The Food Safety and Standards Act, 2006 seeks to replace the multiple nutrient Torahs, standard puting organic structures and enforcement bureaus prevalent in the state with one integrated nutrient jurisprudence\." Consolidate the Torahs associating to nutrient and set up a individual mention point for all affairs associating to nutrient safety and criterions, by traveling from multi-level, multi-departmental control to a individual line of bid. Establish the Food Safety and Standards Authority of India ( FSSAI ) as an apex regulative authorization for puting down scientific discipline based criterions for articles of nutrient. Regulate industry, storage, distribution and sale and import of articles of nutrient to guarantee handiness of safe and wholesome nutrient for human ingestion. We will write a custom essay sample on Objectives Of The Integrated Food Law Environmental Sciences Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Pool substructure, manpower and proving installations for better criterion arrested development and enforcement through their proper redisposition and consideration. New commissariats of FSS Act Covering Functional Foods, addendums, Nutraceuticals Issue of Licenses within 2 months of application. Provision of Improvement Notice by Designated Officers Prosecution, should be within 1 twelvemonth of offense. Particular Courts for drumhead tests Compensation to Victims ( for any instance of Injury/ Grievous injury/ Death ) Wagess to betrayers ( informing about the lawbreakers – debasement etc. ) by State Govt. 197 One composite licence for unit ( s ) falling in one country Promoting Self ordinance and attachment to specified nutrient safety direction systems. No License for junior-grade nutrient concern operators ; merely enrollment is compulsory Cardinal licensing from Authority for high hazard points. Food Safety Officer with a wider authorization will replace nutrient Inspector. Decriminalization of jurisprudence and expeditious disposal of instances Financial punishments for less serious instances. Right to contend research lab consequences by choosing to direct sample to commissioned research lab. 6.102 About the authorization, function and duty and the powers of the Authority the Committee were informed that Food Authority has the authorization of puting down scientific discipline based criterions for articles of nutrient and to modulate their industry, storage, distribution, sale and import to guarantee handiness of safe and wholesome nutrient for human ingestion. The duties are as follows: ( a ) Developing the criterions and guidelines in relation to articles of nutrient and stipulating an appropriate system for implementing assorted criterions notified under this Act ; ( B ) arrested development of the bounds for usage of nutrient additives, harvest contaminations, pesticide residues, residues of veterinary drugs, heavy metals, treating AIDSs, myco-toxins, antibiotics and pharmacological active substances and irradiation of nutrient ; ( degree Celsius ) advising the mechanisms and guidelines for accreditation of enfranchisement organic structures engaged in enfranchisement of nutrient safety direction systems for nutrient concerns ; ( vitamin D ) developing the process and the enforcement of quality control in relation to any article of nutrient imported into India ; ( vitamin E ) developing the process and guidelines for accreditation of research labs and presentment of the commissioned research labs ; 198 ( degree Fahrenheit ) advising the method of trying, analysis and exchange of information among enforcement governments ; ( g ) behavior study of enforcement and disposal of this Act in the state ; ( H ) lay down nutrient labelling criterions including claims on wellness, nutrition, particular dietetic utilizations and nutrient class systems for nutrients ; and ( I ) the mode in which and the process topic to which hazard analysis, hazard appraisal, hazard communicating and hazard direction shall be undertaken. ( J ) provide scientific advice and proficient support to the Central Government and the State Governments in affairs of bordering the policy and regulations in countries which have a direct or indirect bearing on nutrient safety and nutrition ; ( K ) hunt, collect, collate, analyse and summarise relevant scientific and proficient informations peculiarly associating to – ( I ) nutrient ingestion and the exposure of persons to hazards related to the ingestion of nutrient ; ( two ) incidence and prevalence of biological hazard ; ( three ) contaminations in nutrient ; ( four ) residues of assorted contaminations ; ( V ) designation of emerging hazards ; and ( six ) debut of rapid watchful system ; ( cubic decimeter ) promote, coordinate and issue guidelines for the development of hazard appraisal methodological analysiss and proctor and behavior and forward messages on the wellness and nutritionary hazards of nutrient to the Cardinal Government, State Governments and Commissioners of Food Safety ; ( m ) provide scientific and proficient advice and aid to the Cardinal Government and the State Governments in 199 execution of crisis direction processs with respect to nutrient safety and to pull up a general program for crisis direction and work in close co-operation with the crisis unit set up by the Cardinal Government in this respect ; ( N ) set up a system of web of administrations with the purpose to ease a scientific co-operation model by the co-ordination of activities, the exchange of information, the development and execution of joint undertakings, the exchange of expertness and best patterns in the Fieldss within the Food Authorityaa‚Â ¬a„?s duty ; ( o ) provide scientific and proficient aid to the Central Government and the State Governments for bettering cooperation with international administrations ; ( P ) take all such stairss to guarantee that the populace, consumers, interested parties and all degrees of panchayets receive rapid, dependable, nonsubjective and comprehensive information through appropriate methods and agencies ; ( Q ) provide, whether within or outside their country, preparation programmes in nutrient safety and criterions for individuals who are or intend to go involved in nutrient concerns, whether as nutrient concern operators or employees or otherwise ; ( R ) undertake any other undertaking assigned to it by the Central Government to transport out the objects of this Act ; ( s ) contribute to the development of international proficient criterions for nutrient, healthful and phyto-sanitary criterions ; ( T ) contribute, where relevant and appropriate to the development of understanding on acknowledgment of the equality of specific nutrient related steps ; ( u ) promote co-ordination of work on nutrient criterions undertaken by international governmental and nongovernmental administrations ; 200 ( V ) promote consistence between international proficient criterions and domestic nutrient criterions while guaranting that the degree of protection adopted in the state is non reduced ; and ( tungsten ) promote general consciousness as to nutrient safety and nutrient criterions. 6.103 When asked about the adequateness of substructure, work force, installations, etc. available with the Authority vis-a-vis undertaking at manus and the stairss being taken to take deficits, if any along with their time-lines the Authority replied that The Food Safety and Standards Act, 2006 seeks to replace the multiple nutrient Torahs, standard puting organic structures and enforcement bureaus prevalent in the state with one integrated nutrient jurisprudence. Hitherto, nutrient was being regulated in the state through assorted bureaus under different Ministries/Departments. The States/UTs are responsible for execution of Prevention of Food Adulteration Act, 1954, while there are other cardinal bureaus under assorted Acts and Orders viz. , the Fruit Products Order, 1955, the Meat Food Products Order,1973, the Milk and Milk Merchandises Order, 1992, the Vegetable Oil Products ( Control ) Order, 1947, the Edible Oils Packaging ( Regulation ) Order, 1998, the Solvent Extracted Oil, De oiled Meal, and Edible Flour ( Control ) Order,1967 and any other order issued under the Essential Commodities Act, 1955 for licensing of industries. The nutrient regulative mechanism had several constrictions in execution as follows: ( a ) Multiplicity of nutrient Torahs, standard scene and enforcement bureaus for different sectors of nutrient ( B ) Varied Quality/Safety criterions and hapless harmonisation ( degree Celsius ) Thin spread of work force, hapless research labs substructure and other resources ( vitamin D ) Standards stiff and non-responsive to scientific promotions and modern engineerings ( vitamin E ) Poor information airing to consumers. 6.104 The cardinal characteristics of the Food Safety and Standards Act, 2006 to 201 address the challenges in nutrient safety are: ( a ) Motion from multi-level and multi-department control to a individual line of bid ( B ) FSSAI as a individual mention point for all affairs associating to Food Safety and Standards, Regulations and Enforcement ( degree Celsius ) Unified licencing system and proviso for enrollment of little nutrient concern operators ( vitamin D ) Achieve high grade of consumer assurance in quality and safety of nutrient ( vitamin E ) Effective, transparent and accountable regulative model ( degree Fahrenheit ) Emphasis on gradual displacement from regulative government to self conformity ( g ) Adequate information airing on nutrient to enable consumer to do informed picks. ( H ) Mechanism for speedy disposal of instances and proviso for ranked punishments based on gravitation of discourtesy ( I ) Food research labs accredited by NABL or other suited bureau. ( J ) Focus on nutrient safety throughout the full nutrient concatenation. ( K ) Preventive attack based on nutrient safety system instead than terminal merchandise attack. ( cubic decimeter ) Emphasis on preparation and capacity edifice of all stakeholders ( m ) Consistency between domestic and international nutrient criterions without cut downing precautions to public wellness and consumer protection 6.105 The undermentioned activities have been done so far toward the execution of FSS Act, 2006: ( a ) Food Authority/ Central Advisory Committee, 8 Scientific Panels, and Scientific Committee established. ( B ) Integration of Staff under subdivision 90 from assorted Ministries/Departments ( degree Celsius ) Gap analysis survey of 50 State Food Testing Laboratories completed ( vitamin D ) Food Import ordinance mechanism started at major ports of entries. 202 ( vitamin E ) Regular interactions with State/ UTs to guarantee readying toward execution ( degree Fahrenheit ) Awareness Generation, Training of State regulators ( more than 400 forces trained including trainers ) , ( g ) More than 20 National consultations/ Regional Conferences including one International workshop conducted ( H ) Model for accreditation of the nutrient research labs, Certification/Inspection organic structures to scrutinize conformity to nutrient safety system, Food safety Plan. ( I ) Rules for assorted commissariats under FSS Act, 2006 notified on 5-5- 2011. ( J ) Regulations for assorted commissariats under FSS Act, 2006 are under blessing and likely to be notified shortly 6.106 Although, the Act was notified on 24th August, 2006, the Food Safety and Standards Authority of India was notified merely on 5th September, 2008. The Authority could get down working from January/ February, 2009 with the transportation of staff from assorted Ministries/ Departments and the assignment of a full clip Chief Executive Officer. 6.107 The Food Safety and Standards Act, 2006 will come into force three months after the presentment of the Rules, i.e. from 5th August, 2011. The following 5 old ages are hence, really important as several new activities and enterprises will take off, for which equal substructure, including increased work force, is perfectly indispensable for successful enforcement of the Act. The enforcement of the Act is through the State Government machinery and State Governments need to be suitably and rapidly strengthened to guarantee effectual enforcement. In the first three old ages of its being, the FSSAI has been allotted Rs.8.00cr in 2008-09, Rs.21.00cr. in 2009-10 and Rs. 32.37 crore in 2010-11 mainly for wages and assorted administrative disbursals. This degree of fund allocation can non evidently run into the demands of FSSAI in the subsequent old ages and will be grossly unequal for transporting out its authorization. Therefore, FSSAI requires significant support for the following 5 old ages both for Central degree and State degree substructure and work force. 203 6.108 The followers was submitted by the Authority about the jobs to be addressed: ( a ) Inadequate substructure, manpower and other resources at the Cardinal and State degrees for enforcement of the FSS Act. ( B ) Inadequate research lab substructure at Central and State degrees for testing of nutrient articles. ( degree Celsius ) Lack of consciousness of consumers and other stakeholders about nutrient safety issues. ( vitamin D ) Existing licencing mechanism under multiple bureaus which demands to be replaced with a incorporate licensing/ enrollment mechanism under the FSS Act. ( vitamin E ) Lack of any integrated nutrient safety surveillance system, including surveillance of imported nutrient. ( degree Fahrenheit ) Need for constitution of e- administration system from panchayet degree upwards for nutrient safety affairs. ( g ) Absence of any national degree province of the art establishment for transporting out research on nutrient scientific discipline and hazard appraisal. ( H ) Lack of trained forces and absence of any cardinal preparation institute to provide to the demands of FSSAI for execution of the FSS Act. 6.109 About the stairss proposed to Address the above Problems, it was submitted that the undermentioned activities are proposed for turn toing the above issues: A. At Central degree ( a ) Strengthening of FSSAIaa‚Â ¬a„?s central offices Staffing with equal figure of suitably qualified forces Construction of new office edifice for FSSAI headquarter Construction of residential adjustment for FSSAI staff ( B ) Development of scientific discipline based criterions Enrolling forces with makings and expertness in relevant field 204 Constitution of a National Food Science and Risk Assessment Centre ( degree Celsius ) Food proving installations Upgradation of bing Central Food Laboratory at Kolkata and constitution of new CFL at Mumbai. Constitution of proving installations for genetically modified nutrient. ( vitamin D ) Surveillance mechanism Development of a nutrient safety surveillance model and set uping a mechanism for surveillance, both active and passive, which will be implemented through a competent bureau selected through a competitory procedure. Safety of imported nutrient for which equal figure of forces, and substructure for new offices are required. ( vitamin E ) Enforcement of the Act Staff demand for cardinal licensing Awareness coevals and educational programmes Communication through media Development of developing stuff and particular classs in association with professional establishments and universities Constitution of National Food Safety Training Institute ( NFSTI ) Training of stakeholders at NFSTI ( degree Fahrenheit ) Reward strategy for information on adulterated/ insecure nutrient ( g ) Constitution of a national helpline B. At State degree ( a ) Strengthening of territory degree nutrient safety office Construction of edifice Provision of office equipment, vehicle etc. ( B ) Food proving installations 205 Upgradation of 62 public nutrient research labs Upgradation of 10 public nutrient research labs to referral research labs Supplying one nomadic nutrient research lab each to every State and U.T. Supplying one nutrient research lab each to 150 territories. ( degree Celsius ) Constitution of exigency response Centre in each State ( vitamin D ) Training programmes by the States/ UTs ( vitamin E ) Information, instruction and communicating activities of the State Governments ( degree Fahrenheit ) E- administration from panchayat degree upwards Existing webs of other Ministries will be utilised. 6.110 When queried about the on-going initiatives the undermentioned information was submitted to the Committee: ( a ) 355 stations have been sanctioned for FSSAI in September, 2010, most of the Service Rules have been approved by the Government and Recruitment Rules are being finalised for make fulling up the stations. Besides the Authority has farther made a probationary appraisal of work force demand for providing to assorted duties assigned to the Authority as per FSS Act, 2006 over following program period for its effectual and smooth execution. ( B ) Gap analysis of 50 nutrient proving research labs has been carried out. ( degree Celsius ) Imported nutrient clearance procedure has been taken over at 5 ports, 4 airdromes and ICDs at Delhi and operationalisation of activities at 7 extra ports planned for 2011-12. ( vitamin D ) FSSAI Regional Offices have been established in Delhi and Mumbai. ( vitamin E ) Procedure of standard scene for some new points as, for illustration probiotics, nutrient for particular intent and nutritionary utilizations, alcoholic drinks, trans fatty acids, GM nutrient labelling, caffeinated drinks etc. have been initiated. 206 ( degree Fahrenheit ) Training programmes have been organised for Food Safety Commissioners, Food Safety Officers ( ToT ) , Designated Military officers and Authorized Officers ( for imported nutrient safety ) . Several States have conducted farther preparation programmes for their Food Safety Officers. ( g ) For consciousness coevals, print advertizements on nutrient safety, characteristic programme on Doordarshan, Kalyani and wireless jangles on AIR have already been initiated. Booklets, booklets etc. on FSSAI have been widely distributed. FSSAI besides has a really enlightening web site which is daily updated. ( H ) Advisories have been issued by FSSAI whenever warranted, as for illustration in the instance of cyanuramide in imported milk, possibility of radioactive taint in imported nutrients from Japan, antibiotics in honey etc. ( I ) FSSAI has established linkages with relevant institutes for development of developing stuff or carry oning studies/ studies or reding FSSAI in proficient affairs. Such institutes are IIPA, IGNOU, NIN, IIMB, EIC, NISG, APEDA, NDDB, QCI, IVRI and CFTRI. 6.111 As respects timelines for the intent it was stated that the activities of FSSAI are ongoing. However, the first 5 old ages after the Act comes into force are the most important old ages as the success of the Act and the fulfillment of its authorization will wholly depend on the handiness of financess for originating all the activities included in the strategy. Therefore, budget demand has been projected for the first 5 old ages, which coincides with the Twelfth Five Year Plan period. 6.112 Asked to spell out the quantum of fund required for the activities proposed the undermentioned estimations were furnished to the Committee: Broad Head of Activity/ Initiative Fund Required in 12th Plan Period ( Rs.in crore ) Cardinal Level State/UT degree Strengthening of Food Safety Infrastructure both at 630.00 410.00 Cardinal and State degree 207 Strengthening of Food Laboratory Infrastructure 195.00 1021.00 ( Including Up-gradation of 72 Public Labs, Mobile Labs, Food Lab at each District, National Food Science A ; Risk Assessment Centre and Up-gradation of CFLs Training A ; Capacity Building of Stakeholders including 15.00 30.00 National Food Safety Training Institute E-Governance system for Food Safety from Panchayat 506.00 50.00 upwards and Food Safety Surveillance Communication, Awareness A ; Educational Programmes 900.00 350.00 New Building for FSSAI Headquarter A ; Housing installation 450.00 – for staff SUB- TOTAL 2696.00 1861.00 GRAND TOTAL 4557.00 Note: Fiscal spending of Rs. 2,530 crore required by State/UT Governments in footings of merely wage of work force for Enforcement System during the 12th Five Year Plan is non included in the above. Regulating and Monitoring of Imported nutrient As per Clause 16 of the Act: ( 1 ) aa‚Â ¬E?it shall be the responsibility of the Food Authority to modulate and supervise the industry, processing, distribution, sale and import of nutrient so as to guarantee safe and wholesome nutrient. ( 2 ) Without bias to the commissariats of sub-section ( 1 ) , the Food Authority may by ordinances specify – ( a ) The criterions and guidelines in relation to articles of nutrient and stipulating an appropriate system for implementing assorted criterions notified under this Act ( B ) the bounds for usage of nutrient additives, harvest contaminations, pesticide residues, residues of veterinary drugs, heavy metals, treating AIDSs, myco-toxinz, antibiotics and pharmacological active substances and irradiation of nutrient ; ( degree Celsius ) the mechanisms and guidelines for accreditation of enfranchisement organic structures engaged in enfranchisement of nutrient safety direction systems for nutrient concerns ; ( vitamin D ) the process and the enforcement of quality control in relation to any article of nutrient imported into India ; ( vitamin E ) the process and guidelines for accreditation of research labs and presentment of the commissioned research labs ; ( degree Fahrenheit ) the method of trying, analysis and exchange of information among enforcement governments ; 208 ( g ) behavior study of enforcement and disposal of this Act in the Country ; ( H ) nutrient labeling criterions including claims on wellness, nutrition, particular dietetic utilizations and nutrient class systems for nutrients ; and ( I ) the mode in which and the process topic to which hazard analysis, hazard appraisal, hazard communicating and hazard direction shall be undertaken. 6.113 As reportedly nutrient products/commodities derived from transgenic beginnings are being sold in the Country, the Committee desired to cognize about the action taken by the Authority with a position to modulate the distribution, sale and import of such points. In response they were informed that at present all affairs refering to GM Organisms including GM nutrient is regulated by Genetic Engineering Approval Committee of the Ministry of Environment A ; Forest in the Country. 6.114 Asked farther if the Authority by agencies of a specified ordinance defined bounds for usage of nutrient additives, harvests contaminations, pesticide residues, residues of veterinary drugs, heavy metals, treating AIDSs, myco- toxinz, antibiotics and pharmacological active substances and irradiation of nutrient, it was submitted that the bill of exchange Food Safety and Standards Regulations, 2010 were published vide Notification dated 20-10-2010 for ask foring public remarks. Based on the remarks received, the Regulations are under procedure of finalisation. ( 1 ) The usage of nutrient additives and their bounds and irradiation of nutrients are covered under Food Safety and Standards ( Food Merchandises criterions and Food Additive ) Regulations, 2011. ( 2 ) The definitions and bounds etc. of heavy metals, harvest contaminations, myco-toxinz, pesticide residues and residue of veterinary drugs, antibiotics are covered under separate ordinance viz. Food Safety and Standards ( Contaminants, Toxins and Residues ) Regulations, 2011. ( 3 ) The labelling of Irradiated Foods is given under Food Safety and Standards ( Packaging and Labelling ) Regulations, 2011. 6.115 It was further submitted that the above Regulations are in line with bing Prevention of Food Adulteration Rules, 1955 which will be repealed 209 after the new ordinances are notified shortly. The Chapter on Processing Aids has non been prescribed soon and this will be considered by Scientific Panel on Food Additives, Flavouring, Processing Aids and Material in Contact with Food before the bill of exchange Regulations in this respect are published for public remarks. 6.116 About the Authority holding specified mechanisms and guidelines for accreditation of enfranchisement organic structures engaged in enfranchisement of nutrient safety direction systems for nutrient concerns, the Committee were told that the figure and capablenesss of regulative bureaus in the provinces, municipalities and panchayets are presently unequal and it will take some clip for constructing up a strong cell of nutrient safety officers across the state. Keeping in position the accent placed by the Act on ego conformity, it is necessary for the Food Authority to set in topographic point elaborate counsel paperss on nutrient safety demands to be followed by nutrient concern operators. This will enable FBOs to measure themselves against these demands and retain grounds of their due diligence in this respect. 6.117 The Act specifies that the primary duty for safety is on the nutrient concern operators and for this, execution of appropriate nutrient safety direction systems is indispensable for which the FBO can be held accountable. The FSSAI as a portion of its ordinances has developed mention paperss which prescribe and provide degrees of safety and supply guidelines and norms which can at the same clip, be evaluated. FBOs are required to follow with these demands with whatever resources available and bit by bit achieve acceptable degrees of safety. In a sector which is characterised by complex engineering, unorganized operations and big figure of little participants, merely a flexible system of ego conformity, to be sporadically audited by the regulator, will be executable. The grade of conformity can so be checked by periodic regulative review. It will besides incentivise better safety patterns in industry, thereby cut downing the demand for frequent reviews. 6.118 The undermentioned bill of exchange paperss have been developed to back up the model through competent execution bureau: Requirements for enfranchisement organic structures / Inspection Bodies 210 Procedure for Recognition of Certification / Inspection Bodies by FSSAI and application signifier India HACCP criterions demands Agreement to be signed between recognized CBs/IBs and FSSAI Agreement between FSSAI and NABCB Certification standards for Food Safety Professional along with competency demands. Certification Process of Food Safety Professionals 6.119 To a question of the Committee as to whether the process and the enforcement of quality control in relation to any article of nutrient imported into India in general and of commodities/food merchandises derived from transgenic beginnings has been specified by the Authority, it was stated that the following Model for Safety of Imported Food has been laid down by FSSAI: Demand for imported nutrient points has increased well in India co-occuring with the impressive economic growing achieved by the State and coincident alterations in the import ordinances since last few old ages. Imports into India are permitted to be made through 255 entry points. These include 82 imposts ports, 32 imposts airdromes, 132 land imposts Stationss and 9 foreign station offices/sub-foreign station offices. Harmonizing to Directorate General of Commercial Intelligence A ; Statisticss ( DGCI A ; S ) , Ministry of Commerce, information India imported more than 76 lakh MTs of nutrient points during 2007-08 and 2008-09. Under the Food Safety and Standards Act, 2006, the Food Authority has besides the authorization of guaranting safety of nutrient points imported into the state. Port Health Officers ( PHOs ) of Directorate General of Health Servicess ( DGHS ) who were executing the responsibility of taking samples of imported nutrient points under subdivision 6 of PFA Act and acquiring tested in Cardinal Food Laboratories ( CFLs ) or PFA labs in States had withdrawn from the services related imported nutrient safety at some of the ports. Keeping in position the authorization under FSS Act and based on the treatment A ; deliberations, it was realized that the FSSAI should acquire 211 into the procedure of imported nutrient clearance through assignment of Authorized Military officers in pursuit of subdivision 47 ( 5 ) of FSS Act, 2006 and take over the maps of PHOs where services had been withdrawn by DGHS. The FSSAI has operationalized the Food Import Clearance Process since August-September, 2010 in a phased mode through assignment of Authorized Officers in footings of subdivision 47 ( 5 ) of the FSS Act, 2006, at Chennai, Kolkata, Haldia, Mumbai and JNPT havens, Chennai International Airport, Mumbai International Airport, Kolkata International Airport, Indira Gandhi International Airport, New Delhi, CONCOR-ICD Tughlakabad, CWC-ICD Patparganj, ICD Faridabad/Ballabhgarh, ICD Dadri and ICD Loni in the NCR part. The maps of the FSSAIaa‚Â ¬a„?s Authorized Officer inter alia include the bing maps of the Port Health Officer under the PFA Act, 1954 with regard to imported nutrient clearance procedure, in co-ordination with the Customs governments. Adequate Numberss of NABL accredited research labs have been authorized at these locations for analysis of samples of imported nutrient points. MIS system to set import activities online has already been developed and pilot tally has been started at Chennai w.e.f. 1st June, 2011. Draft Food Import Regulations have besides been developed. Entire 29,756 Samples ( till 31st May, 2011 ) tested so far out which 152 were non-conforming. 6.120 The FSSAI will besides develop informations base for hazard based nutrient clearance system in due class. How to cite Objectives Of The Integrated Food Law Environmental Sciences Essay, Essay examples

Literature Flashback

Question: The play makes use of regular flashbacks. How are they utilized? How does willy use the past, and his memory of Ben, to cope withhis anxieties and failures? Explain. Answer: Introduction A flashback in literature is an occurrence where a character in a play remembers an event that occurred earlier that the current point of the story (LiteraryDevices). Flashbacks are important in playwriting as they link the current event with the past so as to provide the reader or the audience with a better understanding about the direction of the play. Flashback of Willy in Death of a Salesman In death of a salesman, the author uses flashbacks to relate to the memories of Willy Loman. The play presents what takes place in the last two days of his life where we see Willy reminiscing to allow the audience to understand what happened in the past and why things are the way they are now. For example in the memory of Ben, we see that willy uses flashback in Act 1 (Miller), where he remembers Ben as a Bookworm, as a child who is striving to be like is father but willy finds him too soft for the business world. Here Willy makes his contrast of ben very explicit, due to his liking of books Ben has become one of the countrys top lawyers. The flashback thus presents a relief for Willy as he had always predicted that Biff would surpass the anemic Bernard in success since he was likeable. The flashback thus depicts some of Willys failed predictions. Bernard is more prosperous than Biff to the extent that Willy is forced to borrow money from Beards father whom he always envied. Also in Act 1, the 2nd Flashback, depicts Willys too much obsession of the past over the present. In Act 2 we find Willys inability to come to face with the truth as we find him refusing Bens offer because he always thought he would be a successful businessman (Miller). Conclusion In conclusion, the use of flashback is important as it reveals to the reader Willys journey and his struggle to compete with his ideologies and his peers about what he stands for. Works Cited LiteraryDevices. Flashback. 2016. 18 May 2016. https://www.literarydevices.com/flashback/. Miller, Arthur. Death of a salesman: Certain private conversations in two acts and a requiem. . Harmondsworth: Penguin., 1961.

Marketing Plan Essays (3041 words) - Retailing,

Marketing Plan Green Mountain Coffee Roasters, Inc. I. Executive Summary Green Mountain Coffee Roasters currently has a revenue growth rate of 35.5% over the last 5 years. This company is growing right along side the fastest growing portion of the of the coffee industry, the high-end specialty coffee market. Green Mountain is a product leader in this category, they emphasize quality and enjoyment of their product. Green Mountain's target market is no question wholesaler's. Green Mountain has over 5,000 wholesale accounts that currently account for 94% of their revenue. In this marketing plan I thoroughly go through who their wholesale customers are, the relationships they have with them, and how they plan to use them in their overall strategy to obtain more customers in different market segments. Also in this report, I discuss the competitiveness of the industry Green Mountain is in, as well as the opportunities, threats and other outside influences that can have a positive or negative effect on the company. In general this report is an overview of the company that is Green Mountain Coffee Roasters, their industry, target markets, environmental influence's, competition, and most importantly their strategy, along with my critique. II. Description of Company Green Mountain Coffee Roasters began in 1981 as a small caf? in rural Vermont. Today the company boasts a 90,000 square feet, state-of-the-art distribution & roasting facility in Waterbury, Vermont, where the company is based. Green Mountain Coffee Roasters has a strong regional presence in the Northeast and is gaining Market share in other parts of the country. It has an extensive wholesale operation as well as a direct mail and Internet businesses. Green Mountain Coffee, Inc. is a leader in the specialty coffee industry. The company roasts 60 varieties of high quality Arabica coffees including single-origin, estate, certified organic proprietary blends and flavored coffee's that it sells all under the Green Mountain Coffee Roasters name brand. The majority of their revenue comes from their aforementioned wholesale operation, which services restaurant, supermarket, specialty food store, convenience store, food service, hotel room hospitality, university, airline, train and coffee office service customers. The company went public in 1993 and is listed on the NASDAQ National Market under the symbol GMCR; for the Fiscal year ended September 25th, 1999, net sales increased 16.2% to a record $64,881,000. III. Description of the Industry Changes The coffee industry has shifted towards specialty coffees such as Green Mountain's in the recent years, and The Company competes against all sellers of specialty coffee. These specialty coffees are higher priced then normal coffees; the increased demand for them has been driven by consumer education, a wider availability of high quality coffee such as Green Mountain's, and an emergence of up scale coffee shops throughout the country. Competition According to the National Coffee Association of USA, Inc. four out of five American consumers consider themselves coffee drinkers; on average an estimated 400 million cups of coffee are consumed in the US each day. Next to oil, coffee is the highest traded commodity in the world. Specialty coffees are becoming increasingly popular in the US, and the fastest growing segment of the coffee market. Green Mountain Coffee has become an established and premier brand in the specialty coffee market. This market is highly competitive, and because of the high growth of this segment, large companies have entered the market. Proctor Starbucks recently signed a distribution agreement with Phillip Morris/ Kraft foods that will enable Starbucks to place its Coffee in supermarkets as well. Starbucks has also been growing in its wholesale operations, and hopes to leverage its brand name that is continually growing in equity do its popular neighborhood coffee houses and trendy style. In the office coffee, convenience store and service arena, General Food's, Proctor & Gamble, and Sara Lee are direct competitors. In the direct sales area of the market, which accounted for 6% of Green Mountain's revenue in 1998, their major competitor is a division of General Foods, Gevalia. As you can see there are a lot of large multinational corporations in the market that have resources available to them that Green Mountain does not have. Starbucks is the only other major independent producer of high-end coffees. As this new

Business Data Analysis Abu Dhabi Municipality

Business Data Analysis Abu Dhabi Municipality Database refers to the collection of information that is organized and can be accessed according to the logical structure of the company. While relational database is a series of logically related two dimensional files that stores information. (Adriaans Zantinge 1996)Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Business Data Analysis: Abu Dhabi Municipality specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Database is characterized by the collection of information and created with a lot of logical structures. It includes the logic within the information and the in built integrity constraints. A database has got five components. These include; DBMS engine, Data definition system, data manipulation subsystem, application generation subsystem and data administration subsystem. Some the databases used in the functioning of the business are; Databases resources managements are those used by the AMAZON. Operational databases- These are databases that are used in the management of a more dynamic data. (Laudon Laudon 2002). Hierarchical databases- This explains the hierarchical explanations of the data. Having the data upside down is the best method to visualize it. This relates to information such as those of employers to employees. (Han Kamber 2001).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Network databases are defined as the specific database which is meant to solve a problem. It represents the data in terms of sets. Data mining involves taking a keen look at the given existing information from a given database that is generated as part of the ongoing business process and then peeling the data apart for a given particular insight into the business. (Loeckx, Ehrich Wolf 1996). This applies succinctly to the management approach. Various scenery that are available in business constantly changes all the time. Data min ing helps one get in touch with information about what is going on presently and also the historical records. This will be necessary as it will help us know what has been changing. Data mining helps in the building of work and some form of knowledge. Data house has got the characteristic of multidimensionality. It also involves support decision making and not the transaction processing which contains summaries of information and details?  Some of information which can be obtained from data mining includes. The company can obtain information about the client’s contacts. The company will be in a position to reach many clients if applies data mining technique. The firm will also ensure that marketing is done to increase market base. Abu Dhabi Municipality can obtain the information about the prices which are charged by other companies. This will involve comparison with other firms and therefore calculating the actual prices which should be tagged for the products which are bei ng produced. (Adriaans Zantinge 1996) Data mining will place Abu Dhabi Municipality with an opportunity to identify the best platform to do or advertise the company products. Research and existing data indicate that, the company will be in a position to identify the methods of advertisement which are suitable in the advertisement.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Business Data Analysis: Abu Dhabi Municipality specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Through data mining, the firm will be in a position of knowing the specific type of distribution channel that best suites them. The data obtained will be important in calculating the costs and to quickly reach most of their customers in a short span. Through this, it will be easy to increase sales at Abu Dhabi Municipality. Various services which are being offered will also be enhanced. This is because the decision to produce will be based on the customized results. Management o f company’s accounts is another important factor. Through data mining it will be easy to ensure that all the financial records are kept. Through this the firm will be in a position to obtain that data which will ensure transparency in the management. Structured Data Data can either be structured or non-structured as forms of classifications in companies. Unstructured data refers to any data which is not identifiable structure. There are a number of unstructured data that Abu Dhabi Municipality has access. These include; excel spreadsheets, word documents, email messages, RSS feed, audio files and video files. Of all these, the company’s operations have applied the use of excel spread sheet. Excel spread sheets are associated with a myriad of benefits. The company preferred the use of excel spreadsheets since it can contain the names, contacts and locations of their clients. Transaction and the general business have been made easier. Since excel sheet contains various f ormulas, the company will use this to keep various financial records. (Mena 1999) Finally, the paper advises that Abu Dhabi Municipality may consider the use of data warehouses to ensure that information is readily available. Other forms of structured data are databases, XML data, data warehouses, Enterprises systems such as the CRP and ERP.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More References Adriaans, P., Zantinge, D. (1996). Data mining. Harlow, England: Addison-Wesley. Han, J., Kamber, M. (2001). Data mining: concepts and techniques. San Francisco: Morgan Kaufmann Publishers. Laudon, K. C., Laudon, J. P. (2002). Management information systems: managing the  digital firm (7th ed.). Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall. Loeckx, J., Ehrich, H., Wolf, M. (1996). Specification of abstract data types. Chichester: Wiley ;. Mena, J. (1999). Data mining your website. Boston: Digital Press.

Parkinson's disease Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Parkinson's disease - Essay Example to treat Parkinson’s Disease associated symptoms, but has also proven to be an inappropriate treatment choice in patients with a history of psychosis or seizures. Amantadine may also be used to treat outbreaks of influenza A in humans. The problems experienced with the use of Amantadine is that its side effects are almost as bothersome or adverse as the symptoms that it is meant to treat. It is also lethal if taken by patients with renal conditions or with renal failure. Amantadine essentially is flushed out of the body via urine. In cases of renal failure however, a patient’s body may not effectively excrete the amount of Amantidine expected to be expelled by the body per normal dosage. When researching this particular medication, it is quite difficult to ascertain all of the facts surrounding its potency and effectiveness. Medline Plus provides only an approximation of what a dosage might be in patients prescribed this medication, as well as a few possible side effects that may be experienced. Another site known as mental health.com, describes in more detail, the pharmacology of Amantadine which is also known as Symmetrel. This source explains that Amantadine works by allowing the brain to release dopamine from nerve endings. This allows for available dopamine excretion which then activates dopaminergic receptors. (Long M.D., 1995). Among the few sources discussed thus far, the depth to which the antiparkinson’s drug known as Amantadine was examined was somewhat vague and lacking in detail or argument as to why this drug supersedes the potency or effectiveness of other antiparkinson’s medications. A more thorough source which detailed a double blind study by Thomas et al effectively described the specifics of Amantadine’s use in patients with Parkinson’s Disease as well as how those patients benefit from this particular drug which possesses a still unknown mechanism of effectiveness (Thomas et al, 2004). The drug known as Levodopa is

Power electornic lab2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

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Good business writing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Good business writing - Essay Example Good writing has been adopted not only as a requirement during interviews and hiring process but also in the promotion of the employees. This implies that potential employees should have adequate skills on how to communicate with the recruiters and managers through memo, proposals, letters and reports. This paper analyses key writing skills that an individual should posses in order to effectively communicate his or her ideas to the targeted audience. Begin with a major idea Without a proper planning, an individual may not achieve the objective of the writing. In this regard, it is imperative to identify the key idea before wring any business document. One of the primary steps is to jot the major idea on a piece of paper. In this way, a writer will be more focused on the topic that the he or she is aiming at. In most cases, the major idea becomes the headline of the writing. For example, sales executives who aim at explaining the benefits of new products to the consumers or its performance in the market may give their writing a headline of sales report. In the same way, managers who want to make an adjustment to the employees working hours may write a memo and place it on a notice board or give a copy to each of the employees. To avoid deviating from the main issues, it is fundamental for an individual to reread the headline as he or she continues with the writing.

Safety Passport Scheme For Power Generation Sector Construction Essay

Safety Passport Scheme For Power Generation Sector Construction Essay Since the evolution of humans, people have been injured, maimed and killed during the course of their work right from carrying their work as hunters, to the modern day nuclear power plants. Implementation of health and safety practices dates back to the Hammurabi era (1780 BC), where death sentences were imposed to the builders who do not build it safer for the residents. As years passed, health and safety practices had good responses. It had many accidents, disasters and transformations to achieve a status of what health and safety practices mean to every industry now. Importance and awareness of health and safety practices among the workers are essential and also it is their right to have the information on health and safety practices. Before doing any work, one should know about the health and safety hazards in the work he does, to safeguard himself and those who work with him, he needs to be informed with the potential health and safety hazards in the environment. Health and safe ty practices became business and among many business models of health and safety practices, the model for informing and training an individual about the health and safety practices in the industry he/she works is Safety Passport Scheme. It is not just a business or a way for income, it became a business for the values it spread to the individuals who undergoes it. Health and safety at work is an area of management activity which, no matter how an organization perceives it, cannot be disregarded. Only professionals in health and safety can deliver the values to them. Health and safety became a subject of research where now we have even courses provided my many universities on health and safety practices. Safety Passport scheme generally is a passport for the individuals who hold it to enter the site they work for. A safety passport holder will have all the basic knowledge of the health and safety hazards around him and his colleagues and practices to follow in order to avoid them. A responsible manager on working site considers the safety passport as a way to have and ensure a safe environment in and around the site. Initially, safety passport schemes were developed generally which will apply to almost all industries. But as the technologies and methodologies changed drastically, specialisation and update was needed for the health and safety practices. In any sector, now only specialists are valued much. Gone are the days where people were looking for generic interests. In any field, only specialists are welcomed and recruited, specialists will have the deepest knowledge of that particular field they are involved with and they will excel in it. Though power generation sector falls under construction industry, it varies drastically from it. Technology, engineering, method of construction and erection of equipment, panels, testing and also hazards compared to the general construction industry, it has many potential hazards. In the research, I have done a market r esearch for a Safety Passport Scheme which is specially designed for the power generation sector by the health and safety specialists for the industry. The market research is conducted for United Kingdom. Report Background United Kingdom produces a total of 78,293MW of energy. As a single entity, British Energy is the market leader by producing 10,723MW of energy. Table below shows the market share of key players of power generation industry in UK. Major Players MW British Energy 10723 RWE Npower 10115 E.ON 9988.27 Scottish and southern energy 9176.4 Scottish power 6404 International power 4984 EDF 4928.4 Drax power 3945 Centrica 3530 Magnox 1622 Premier power 1156 Others 11720.93 Total 78293 The organizations have their own portfolio within their power production. Portfolios of power generation are decided by the fuel type they use for the production of electricity. Each fuel type has its own engineering process and construction, out of them few has similar engineering processes and construction only with minor changes, but they are regarded as same. So according to them, the categories I have decided are 1. Nuclear, 2. Hydro, 3. Combined Cycle Gas Turbine, 4. Coal/Oil/Gas, 5. Wind, 6. Others such as mine gas, poultry waste. According to the categories, the market share by fuel type is given in the table below. Fuel Type MW Coal/Gas/Oil 39298.3 CCGT 22091 Nuclear 10137 Hydro 4245.4 Wind 2297.6 Others 223.7 Total 78293 Out of the above categories, Nuclear does not support safety passport schemes and the safety passport scheme on which I am conducting the market research is not applicable to hydro power generation. I have identified the major players in other fuel categories for my research. In INDG381 the HSE (2003b) indicate that a safety passport training course should cover areas such as the hazards and risks that workers may face and how to identify them; having identified them what to do to either eliminate the hazard or control the risk; how to take steps to control the risks to themselves and others; where to find health and safety related information in connection with their job and how to follow a safe system of work. It is with this guidance in mind that the following reviews have been carried out. Construction Skills Certification Scheme (CSCS) CSCS was set up by the construction industry with the aims (amongst others) raising standards of health and safety to reduce risks and accidents throughout the industry (CSCS, 2007). The members of CSCS comprise employers trade bodies and Trade Unions including Construction Confederation; Federation of Master Builders; National Specialist Contractor Council; GMB Trade Union; Transport and General Workers Union; Union of Construction, Allied Trades and Technicians, Construction Industry Council. The holder of a CSCS card is in theory able to prove his training and by implication competence in the role he is undertaking. There are several categories of CSCS card visitor (to a construction site) trainee, construction site operative, experienced worker, skilled worker, supervisor, experienced manager, senior manager and professionally qualified person. The structure of the card system is, for the worker and supervisor section of the workforce, largely hierarchical. For example a construction site operative would be expected to, either through practical experience, induction or other training and under supervision carry out basic activities such as using relevant hand tools, using PPE, organising work, reporting of accidents and handling material and components using accepted and safe methods and procedures. To receive a skilled worker card, in addition to the requirements above, the applicant must be in possession of a National Vocational Qualification (NVQ) or Scottish Nation al Vocational Qualification (SNVQ); or have completed a a recognised trade or employer sponsored apprenticeship and completed a City and Guilds of London Institute Craft Certificate. The other standard requirement is that applicants for all cards must successfully pass a health and safety test. The basic test is of 30 minutes duration and, in addition to English is currently available in German, Lithuanian, Polish, Portuguese, Punjabi, Romanian, Russian and Welsh. There is no requirement for any pre-test training course. The basic core test contains à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦either 2 or 3 questions from each of the 15 Core sections with 40 questions in total (CITB, 2000).The core sections include accident prevention and reporting; health and welfare; manual handling; working at height; Personal Protective Equipment (PPE); emergency procedures and first aid; safe use of hazardous substances and are heavily biased towards traditional construction of the building site type. The publication CITB ( 2000) also covers some specialist areas these include supervisory and management; demolition; plumbing or gas; highway works; specialist working at height and lifts and escalators. Summary CSCS is heavily biased towards traditional construction and covers the hazards and risks involved with traditional construction work at a basic level. Only two of the specialist areas (supervisory and management and working at height) have any real relevance to power station outage work. There is little emphasis on behavioural aspects of safety Engineering Services Skillcard The Engineering Services Skillcard, created by the Heating and Ventilation Contractors Association (HVCA), is similar in concept and affiliated to the CSCS scheme it has the aim of registering à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦the skills and competence of people working throughout the mechanical services sector of the building services engineering industry (HVCA, 2009). Accreditation in health and safety is achieved by undertaking the CSCS affiliated health and safety test. Other similar schemes affiliated to CSCS include Construction Plant Competence Scheme (CPCS0; Construction Industry Scaffolder Record Scheme (CISRS); Northern Ireland Construction Skills Register ((NI)CSR); Certificate of Competence of Demolition Operatives (CCDO); Joint Industry Board Electrotechnical Certification Scheme (ECS); Plumbing Mechanical Engineering Services scheme (PMES) and Joint Industry Board for Plumbing in Scotland and NI (SNI JIB Plumbing) Summary Skillcard is an extension of CSCS above with exactly the same health and safety content and requirements. The CISRS and ECS affiliated schemes may have some relevance to outage work in certain circumstances. Client Contractor National Safety Group (CCNSG) The aim of the CCNSG Safety Passport Scheme is to ensure a basic knowledge of health and safety for all site personnel to enable them, after appropriate site induction, to work on site more safely with lower risk to themselves and others (CCNSG, 2009). Membership of the CCNSG includes the Construction Industry Association (CIA), the Trades Unions and the Training Providers. The Group is chaired by a member elected from the Client Group. The CCNSG Secretary is provided by the Engineering Construction Industry Training Board (ECITB), the organisation who now manages the scheme. The CCNSG safety passport is differentiated from the CSCS (and other similar card schemes) in two main areas. It is a specific accredited two day training course followed by an end test and it is claimed that it is designed for the Engineering Construction Industry rather than the Construction Industry. However it is the clients on individual sites who specify which card or cards is or are acceptable as a demons tration of competency on their sites. The CCNSG National Course includes a wide spectrum of directly safety related training including Safe Behaviour at Work; Safe Place of Work; Confined Space Entry; Excavations; Permit to Work Systems Safe Use of Access Equipment Working at Heights; Site Transport; Protecting the Environment; Safe Lifting and Manual Handling; Safe Systems of Work; Asbestos; Hazardous Substances; The Lifting Equipment and Lifting Operations Regulations( LOLER); The provision and Use of Workplace Equipment Regulations (PUWER); Electricity; Isolation; Hand-Arm Vibration; Noise. Summary Training for the CCNSG passport is carried out by accredited (by the ECITB) independent organisations and its quality is open to being variable. The hazards and risks covered in the training are mainly focussed on construction but more aspects of the syllabus appear to apply to power station outage work and some aspects of behavioural safety are covered Assuring Competence in Engineering Construction (ACE) Closely allied to the CCNSG and also supported by the ECITB is the Assuring Competence in Engineering Construction (ACE) scheme. ACE is an industry initiative supported by all areas of engineering construction in the UK including, in addition to the ECITB, Contractors the Engineering Construction Industry Association (ECIA), the National Joint Council (NJCECI), the ECITB and the Trade Unions. The ECITB (2009) say that the aim of ACE is to à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ensure that the competence of workers in the UK engineering construction industry is validated against National Occupational Standards in a flexible and cost effective way, with minimum disruption to ongoing productivity. Furthermore since June 2008 ACE has become affiliated to CSCS and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦a joint Assurance in Competence in Engineering Construction (ACE) and CSCS card will be available to individuals who meet the competence and health and safety awareness requirements relevant to NVQ Level 3. (ECITB, 2009b).This involves reaching a competency level in standard health and safety modules involves having a working knowledge of health and safety legislation, hazards, safety reporting, first aid procedures and procedures for reporting. Working knowledge is described as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ the minimum level of knowledge and understanding sufficient to perform your role in a manner that would normally be associated with the minimum acceptable performance of a competent person undertaking your role (ECITB, 2009c). Information from ACE (2009) indicates that the driver for the ACE scheme is that of technical competence validated by ECITB NVQ or SNVQ and this is currently available in a restricted number of engineering trade roles (e.g. welding and plating; [steel] erecting; mechanical fitting (including maintenance); pipefitting (including Instrument); electricians and rigging) Summary Although the main thrust of the ACE card is raising the skill levels in engineering construction in, currently a limited number of craft areas, the health and safety modules appear to have a closer synergy with outage work than other schemes. Behavioural aspects of safety are dealt with in the relevant health and safety modules. Basic Electrical Safety Competence (BESC) The BESC registration scheme is intended for anyone who carries out work either directly or indirectly on or near operational plant and equipment associated with the transmission and distribution of electricity. The scheme was developed by a task force of the Electricity Association Management Co-ordinating Committee (Distribution Transmission) with the assistance of the Electricity Company Training Managers and of the Electrical Training Association. The managers of the BESC scheme, Energy Utility Skills (EU Skills), label it as a workplace competency assessment and registration process, dealing with entering, moving around and exiting three specific work areas namely, substations, overhead lines; and underground cables. The basic safety requirements of the scheme are those relating to safe entry and exit, equipment identification, use of the correct PPE and carrying out of tasks in a safe manner. They are based on standards taken from the City Guilds N/SVQ awards and in particul ar specific relevant modules from the Electricity System Technology Engineering Support and Electricity System Technology Engineering awards. Summary BESC is specific specialist training and qualification directed towards electricity distribution companies and National Grid with specific reference to the hazards from working adjacent to live high voltage electricity equipment and so has limited relevance to power station outage work. The Safety Pass Alliance (SPA) Renewable Energy Sreenivasan et al (2003) portray the SPA as a UK organisation whose objective is to design and implement Safety Passport Training Schemes, delivered through accredited training providers and committed to providing a nationally recognised standard of health and safety training. SPA passports comprise a core section along with an industry sector specific section. To obtain acceptance into any additional sectors the holder of a current passport would need to attend the appropriate sector specific training session to upgrade it. Sectors with specific modules include industrial utilities, building maintenance food and drink, renewable energy, ports and shipping, quarries and pharmaceutical. The core health and safety training covers the following areas Organising for safety (health and safety law, responsibilities and risk assessment); the workplace (Including safe behaviour, welfare, and access and egress); plant and machinery (including tools, electricity and workplace transport); heal th (including PPE, COSHH, musculoskeletal problems); procedures (fire and first aid) and the environment. One of additional industry specific modules is the Renewable energy which focuses on those issues of particular concern for those who work within the renewable energy. This course comprises of nine modules: Workplace risk, Licenses permits and passes, Plant and equipment, Explosive atmospheres, Environment, Electricity, Working at height, Occupational health, Personal Safety (Safety Pass Alliance, 2010). Summary assuming that the relevant Renewable energy module is undertaken this offers the prospect of a close match of relevance to outage work but it is little used within Generation currently. The only client for this is ATKINS and Atkins was involved in designing this course. Some aspects of behavioural safety are addressed in the core health and safety training module. The European Dimension There have been an increasing number of non UK nationals working in the UK, figures from the Statistics Commission (2009) indicate that there were 2 million foreign nationals of working age in the UK in 2007out of a total working age population of 27.2 million. Generation has seen increased incidences of foreign workers on sites during outages and because of this the landscape of competence assessment schemes is infinitely more complex. In addition to foreign language versions of the CCNSG safety passport, currently offered in the UK in Polish and Portuguese amongst others there are several similar passport schemes existing in other EU member states including Health and Environment Checklist Contractors (SCC) in the Netherlands, FAS Safe Pass Health and Safety Awareness in Eire and the Occupational Safety Card in Finland. Both the latter are the national equivalents of CSCS. In the review of safety passport schemes Sreenivasan et al (2003) explains that although originally intended f or the petro-chemical and pharmaceutical associated industries in the Netherlands, SCC covers a range of other industries involved in hazardous work including construction and civil works. The scheme is now widespread across Belgium, France, Germany, and Austria and can be used without restrictions in Belgium and the Netherlands. The SCC qualification has the basic elements that broadly cover the contents of the CCNSG syllabus. The SCC has recognised, however, that there is a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦wide variation and an (excessively) wide bandwidth in the exams set by the various examination bodiesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ [possibly due]à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦to the excessively vague definition of the attainment targets (SCC, 2003). Included in this is a reference to Romiszowskis taxonomy that discriminates between knowledge (knowing something) and skills (being able to do something). Included within the attainment targets are the requirements to cover both these aspects of competence. Summary The SCC process does recognise that competence in health and safety does include more than the successful completion of a training package and although one of the target industry sectors petro-chemical has similarities with the Generation business, there is little evidence of the particular qualification having been used to any great extent within the UK. Advantages and Disadvantages of Safety Accreditation Schemes There are advantages and disadvantages to all accreditation/passport schemes discussed by Sreenivasan et al (2003). Advantages include the possession of a safety passport gives readily available evidence that the contractor has some form of basic health and safety training. A passport shows that a worker has up-to-date basic health and safety or health, safety and environment awareness training (HSE, 2003b) what they crucially do not do is demonstrate a way of knowing or identifying that a worker is competent (HSE, 2003b).Furthermore they are à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ generally not designed to correct the major faults in competence or diligence that usually result in the major accidents à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (Sreenivasan et al, 2003). A recognised widespread scheme with a standard syllabus and acceptable attainment standards does however give some modicum of standardisation across an industry or an industry sector. The possession of a passport takes the form of a credit card-sized plastic card, usu ally with the employees name, photograph and identification number. If this is accompanied by a centrally held database directly accessible by subscribers it is a straightforward way of ensuring a passports validity. Finally passports do provide the contract company with a demonstration and audit trail that they are providing some of the suitable and sufficient training required by health and safety legislation. One of the main disadvantages of all accreditation and passport schemes is their financial implications in terms of training cost and lost productive time. These may well be able to be absorbed by a large company as part of its training budget but may well become a burden for both SMEs and individuals who act as freelance contractors. For businesses some of the costs may be able to be off set by grants (for example from the CITB Construction Skills levy) and a demonstration that most of a companys staff are in possession of a recognised safety accreditation may result in inc reased business. Additionally, although there is no empirical evidence to substantiate this, there is the possibility that there is a financial pressure on the accredited training provider to provide evidence of his worth and doing this by ensuring that he has an acceptable success rate in the assessment from his candidates. Aims and Objectives The report analyses the market for safety passport scheme for the power generation sector. The main aims of this market research are To provide evidence based approach for the acceptance of Safety Passport Scheme designed for power sector in UK. To capture the perceptions, opinions and aspirations of the potential target consumer market in relation to the safety passport scheme for the power sector in UK. Objectives were to identify Current schemes available and accepted. Which ones are most popular and why. Report on size of potential market in UK for a power generation specific safety passport scheme. Research into whether a sector specific passport would be accepted by Power Generators and associated contractors; specifically aimed at benefits and possible demerits. Confirm that an Institution of Occupational Safety and Health (IOSH) scheme will have widespread acceptance. Research current pricing and if new scheme were developed what price should be set to achieve the Return on Investment. Review on how to roll this project out sustainably, assuming that new scheme is acceptable own resources, licensing to other providers to propose alternatives. Definitions Senior Executives The group consists of Directors of power generation organizations, managing directors of power generation organizations, and Senior Health and Safety professionals with massive experience in Health and Safety practices. Plant Managers The group consists of Health and Safety professionals responsible for power plants, and directors of power plants. Contractors The group consists of Managers of the construction contractors firms, Health and Safety directors of the firm, and Health and Safety managers. For current Schemes and their popularity Interviewed people from IOSH, ECITB, CCNSG, SPA, UKCG, CIC, and questionnaires distributed among contractors and plant managers. Potential Market in UK The market for safety passport scheme for power sector is the workers of the contractors who work for power generation industry. Data obtained from Office of National Statistics (ONS), UK. Acceptance of sector specific passport scheme with IOSHs accreditation For Power Sector Questionnaire distributed among senior executives, plant managers and contractors. Study of the environment by looking through variables like Regulation, News from power generators, Interview with health and safety professionals who had massive experience in the field, Political views, News from national skills academy of power. Economic patterns on Health and Safety spending Current Pricing Schemes Interviewed people from SPA, CCNSG/ECITB, CSCS, etc., including training providers Review on how to roll this project sustainably References from services marketing cases Market research for the Safety Passport Scheme was conducted during the period when the halted constructions of new power plants due to the recession for the past two years resumed their work. Spending was stopped during the recession on construction projects. The construction industry was overcoming the recession where the contribution of construction industry towards GDP of the country was increasing again. After a series of job cuts and cost cutting processes, the employment rate of construction industry had a significant increase during the period. Economic Trends Cost-cutting programmes, internationalization, commercial principles, shareholder value and sustainability, In all high value bids, safety is given more importance than bids of low value (Amec takes central role in  £20bn nuclear programme., 2009). Market Size Market for Safety Passport Scheme for power generation sector is the construction workers who work for the power generation industry. More than one million people are employed for the construction industry (Construction workers, 2008). Industry Structure Spending on health and safety Contractors fear that after years of improvements in health and safety standards, it could be undone if power generation organizations exploit the recession to drive down the construction costs. If power generation organizations force below-cost bidding, contractors could go backwards in health and safety standards. Power generation organizations could get really cheap prices but something has to give, they cannot expect contractors to come up with rock-bottom prices and then expect fantastic safety standards (Cheap deals could hit safety, warn contractors., 2009). Safety director of EDF said that contractors chosen to deliver EDFs new build schemes are expected to be productive, modern site committed to safety. The statement proves that power generation organizations are committed to Health and Safety practices. The construction director at EDF also announced that he is willing to help the suppliers to improve its safety competence (Power station sites face tight surveillance., 2009). In a statement released by UK Contractors group, they have agreed that Safety Passports cut risks in contract work (Safety passport cuts risks in contract work., 2009). Market Position Key Trends Speaking to media on EDFs  £20bn new build nuclear programme in UK, chief executive Vincent de Rivaz told that EDF is committed to safety. And it will maximise the opportunities for the UK supply chain. When issuing the civil packages to Laing ORourke, Costain and Carillion, De Rivaz confirmed them that EDFs commitment to safety and quality assurance is absolute. And he wanted to work with the partners who too are committed to safety. He also mentioned that the suppliers too will be expected to meet tough productivity and skills training targets (Safety first for EDFs nuclear contractors, 2009). Institution of Occupational Safety and Health (IOSH) has claimed that nearly one out of every 10 UK businesses has slashed its health and safety budget because of recession. IOSH also found out that for most companies, health and safety is not the first budget on the chopping block. Contradicting the above stated facts, IOSH found out that emphasis on the need of health and safety practices among employers and staff work more closely together to minimise risks with business leaders in particular needing to ensure that corners are not cut out during economic times (Paton, UK reduces budgets for health and safety, 2009). Key Associations DRETS Analysis Demographic factors Population growth growth of number of employees, increase in the number of households, better education, Regulatory factors Political and legal factors learnings of the government in power, shift of regulatory power IOSH said that falling foul of tough new safety regulations could spell the end for firms already struggling with the economic downturn. It also warned that companies that play at health and safety practices, or firms that fail to provide a safe environment for staff, could face the prospect of incurring increased financial penalties. As per the new law which is effective from 16 January, maximum fine for minor breaches are from  £5,000 to  £20,000 and also pave the way for prison sentences of up to two years for individuals found guilty of health and safety breaches (Pitcher, 2009). Economic factors Contribution to Gross national product of the industry, changes in consumers income, changing expenditure patterns, countrys change of economic development, inflation, Looking for balance, confident and living well, at ease, overwhelmed. Technological factors Integration of technology with the service, impact of e-business and m-business Social factors Prevailing values, traditions, trends in society these tendencies are influenced by the above four factors. Individualism and rising customer expectation, the need of the groups, interest in health, time usage and energy expenditure, Competitive Structure The Marketplace Market Leaders Marketing Activity SWOT Analysis Strengths Weakness Opportunities Threats The Future Influence In 2002 when contractors are asked to increase company reporting on health and safety performance in the annual reports, just 103 of the countrys top 350 contractors have accepted the challenge. Out of them only the following five are top-10 contractors, Balfour Beatty, AMEC, Carillion, Skanska and Mowlem. HSC had asked the companies to put health and safety at the top of the agenda, but thats not the case in reality. It also found that, unless the decision makers know of the advantages to the bottom line of their organization, there will be no changes. HSC chairman Bill Callaghan also mentioned that the industry has a role to play and it is through shared experience and a change of culture that the sharing will happen (Pearman, No business case for safety stats, 2002). Forecasts Sector Trends Civil contractors are gearing up to bid for multi-million pound frameworks as part of the  £50bn nuclear power plant decommissioning programme now being rolled out across the UK. Last week, the Nuclear Decommissioning Authority (NDA) took control of the countrys 20 nuclear power plan

The P-51 Mustang: The Best Fighter Ever Essay -- plane, D model, aircra

The P-51 Mustang: The Best Fighter Ever The P-51 Mustang is regarded by many sources as the greatest fighter plane ever created. With the technological advancements this plane achieved, to it’s service record, to it’s importance in winning World War Two, the Mustang is truly one of the greats. The Mustang played a key role in long range bomber support and saved countless bomber crew’s lives, and pilots loved to fly it. The P-51 had the most aerial victories of any American fighter in World War Two and it was flown by some of America’s top aces. The P-51 was a beast of a fighter plane The most recognizable of the Mustangs was the D model. This is the model with the famous â€Å"bubble† canopy. It had a V12 Packard Merlin-built Rolls Royce model V-1650 engine that generated over 1,650 horsepower. The engine along with a sleek aerodynamic body, and laminar flow wings (which produce less drag than conventional wings because of their shape), gave the Mustang a top speed of about 440 miles per hour, making it one of the fastest fighter aircraft in World War Two. The laminar flow wing along with external fuel tanks gave it a range of over 1,000 miles making it the only fighter capable of escorting bombers for their entire mission. It was a very agile and maneuverable aircraft and could do moves most planes could only dream about. It had a wingspan of 37 ft., was 32 ft. 3 in. long, 13 ft. 8 in. tall, and fully loaded could weigh up to 12,100 lbs.It was armed with six Browning .50 caliber machine guns, and could carry six five inch rockets, or up to two thousand pounds of bombs on the underwing racks. The P-51 was also one of the first aircraft to have an electric gyro gun sight; its sight was designated the K14. The sight could calculate ... ...p against any other fighter out there. The P-51 Mustang truly is the greatest fighter aircraft in history. WORK CITED 1. Sherman, Stephen E. "Aces of the Eighth Air Force in World War Two." US 8th Air Force Aces, Mustang and Thunderbolt Fighter Pilots in WW2. Acepilots.com, June 1999. Web. 05 May 2014. "North American P-51D Mustang." Factsheets : North American P-51D Mustang. The Official Web Site of National Museum of the USAF, 2 Apr. 2011. Web. 05 May 2014. Jackson, David D. "Warbirds and Airshows- WWII US Aircraft Victories."Warbirds and Airshows- WWII US Aircraft Victories. N.p., n.d. Web. 05 May 2014. . Clarke, R. Wallace. British Aircraft Armament. Vol. 2. Sparkford: Stephens, 1994. Print.